引用

MVP-lover 的 FLASH游戏代码(娱乐)

FLASH文件加载中,请稍候...

 

拼图游戏语法

<EMBED src=http://www.petitmall.jp/index/parts/TB_puzzle_001.swf width=180 height=250 type=application/x-shockwave-flash wmode="transparent">

玩法：点select选一张图，START开始

扔垃圾游戏语法

<embed src="http://my.so-net.net.tw/anchi1025/Garbage.swf" width="350" height="259" wmode="transparent"></embed>

玩法：按照一定的角度和速度将垃圾仍进垃圾箱

打萝卜游戏语法

<embed src="http://kids.goo.ne.jp/island/asobino/goopgame/data/vol048/game.swf" width="450" height="350"></embed>

吃饭团游戏语法

<embed src="http://kids.goo.ne.jp/island/asobino/goopgame/data/vol047/game.swf" width="450" height="350"></embed>

玩法：利用键盘的← →移动闪开掉落物

历险记游戏语法

<embed src="http://kids.goo.ne.jp/island/asobino/goopgame/data/vol041/game.swf" width="450" height="350"></embed>

接水果游戏语法

<embed src="http://kids.goo.ne.jp/island/asobino/goopgame/data/vol036/game.swf" width="450" height="350"></embed>

玩法：考验你的反应，左边用键盘，右边用鼠标

以下两款可是有在线排名的哦！

打棒球游戏语法

<EMBED pluginspage=http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer src=http://twgamez.net/game/baseball/game.swf width=180 height=280 type=application/x-shockwave-flash QUALITY="high" WMODE="opaque"></EMBED>

吃西瓜游戏语法

<embed src="http://oniba.com/gameCube/pig/game.swf" quality="high" bgcolor="#000000" width="150" height="230"></embed>

  说明：

1.WIDTH是宽，HEIGHT是高，可自行按比例调节。

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★ 置入博客的方法：

1. 进入编辑→2. 排版→3. 模块→
4. 添加自定义html（显示）（出现在网页左下角）→y
5. 复制下列语法後贴上→6. 新增→
7. 将模块移到想显示的位置→8. 再保存（右上角）→
9. 预览我的博客。→10. 就可以看到出现在你的博客上了！

奥运flash游戏：和福娃一起夺金牌

;

<P align=left><EMBED pluginspage=http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer align=middle src=http://oams.beijing2008.cn/aoyun/images/jumpnews.swf?str=&amp;phpurl=http://oams.beijing2008.cn/aoyun/happyaoyun.php width=710 height=500 type=application/x-shockwave-flash quality="high" wmode="transparent" allowNetworking="internal" allowScriptAccess="never"> </P>

奥运flash 图下有代码:

1）打开博客右上角的“装扮博客”

 2）点击“设置首页内容”

3）“添加自定义模块”

 4）只要复制图片下的代码

 5）改变适合的尺寸，粘贴在自定义模块里。

 6）标题栏输入名称然后点击“确定”就OK了！

FLASH文件加载中,请稍候...

拼图游戏语法

<EMBED src=http://www.petitmall.jp/index/parts/TB_puzzle_001.swf width=180 height=250 type=application/x-shockwave-flash wmode="transparent">

玩法：点select选一张图，START开始

据 网易新闻 报道： 张学友电子邮箱网上叫价8888889元

　　日前，媒体记者在某交易网站上发现一个叫卖明星邮箱的网上小店，该小店收纳了包括张学友、金城武、梁朝伟等百余位明星名字的邮箱。这些邮箱均是明星名字拼音加邮箱后缀。其中，一个张学友的邮箱要价8888889元，堪称最贵。查看全文>>

我对这条新闻的看法是：强

引用

笑着遗忘 的 90后，路上小心

今日在腾讯娱乐新闻上看到如此的一篇文章：

90后宣言：我们是这样的一群人

关于“80后”的争议还没有最终定论，“90后”们已经粉墨登场。有自称“贱女孩”的双胞胎姐妹，在博客上号称“我在男人的世界游刃有余我在我的世界天旋地转”。有初中毕业生以“青春无悔”的名义，以裸照来毕业留念，参与人数达到150人......

有人持赞成态度，认为90后结束了淑女时代！也有人大声说不：90后，青春无悔也请勒好腰带！ 没有法制意识的自由观念已经深入90后的人心，她们爱美，于是，她们将学校看成T型台，什么衣服都敢穿；她们喜欢秀出什么，于是爱就爱了，恨就恨了，打就打了，甚至杀就杀了。

但90后自己是怎么说自己的呢？“当你们把头摁在键盘上嚎啕怀古的时候，我们眼神无辜，并不知恋旧伤春为何物。落絮残花们，请竭尽所能来嫉妒我们90后吧。”

对于80后，他们没有嘴下留情，“80后的代表人物韩寒装的很酷其实很傻”。

90后横空出世，抢夺话语权，对于他们是怎么样一群人，来谈谈你的看法吧！

 

。。。这群孩子。。。很拽很嚣张。。。本仙实在是无比无语。。。

经历了70的规矩，80的反叛，我们还没有从舌战的尘烟中缓过神来，90的个性便开始纷纷显山露水。。。实在让本仙招架不住。。。还记得在某处看到90后的宣言，原文是这样写的，带着玩笑式的调侃：

90后无耻的生活格言：

1、鄙视我的人这么多，你算老几？

2、好好活着，因为我们会死很久。

3、不要说别人脑子有病，脑子有病的前提是必须有个脑子。

4、不要和我比懒，我懒得和你比。

相对于80后，奇特的处世态度和让人大跌眼镜的思维方式实在令本仙这样的80后感到自愧不如。。。

或许上面的这些文章也如同之前对80后以偏概全的批判一样，报纸、网络等为了发行量、点击量可以全然不顾实际情况、指鹿为马、舌头压死人的地方，也在用着同样的手段诋毁着90后。。。其实我宁愿想得轻松一点，认为这不是在诋毁90后，而仅仅是在寻找爆料，博得大众一笑而已，只不过拿了90后开涮。。。

但是要知道，舆论的力量可以翻云覆雨。为了博取大众一笑而被开涮的90后，或许正是因为这样的玩笑而被世人做下如此定论：90后难以驾驭十分危险。。。如果这样的话，90后就相当于步了80后的后尘，被淹死在唾沫星子的滔天巨浪里。。。或许90后的个性让90后不去理会这些无聊的批判，但口舌之战，向来是站在时代的最前沿，越是烦它，它越是在眼前无休止的晃荡。。。就算影响不了90后的生活态度和思维方式，起码也会搞的这些特立独行的孩子们心情不爽。。。

相对于80后，90后更不会在意什么风言风语，但也更加厌恶那些不了解他们的墙头草们人云亦云。。。站在风口浪尖的90后，或许比80后更加独立更加早熟更加个性更加无畏天地，但也或许，他们会比80后更加脆弱更加迷惘更容易走极端，一旦失去支撑人生的理念便更容易被摧毁。。。

作为被世人们偏见了20多年鄙视了20多年抵触了20多年的80后，我反而更加担心90后未来的处境。传播媒体日益普及、自由言论无处不在的以后，不知道要有多少年不更事的90后孩子被毁在这看不见的枪林弹雨血雨腥风中。。。他们或许无限轻蔑世人对他们的看法，也或许十分鄙视世人眼中的所谓的软弱与不成器的80后，觉得他们“装的很酷其实很傻”。。。其实有这样的想法也不能怪90后啊，怪只怪每个人都必然要经历的年少轻狂，与这个社会这个舆论给予他们的尚未出生便已注定的虎视眈眈的偏见和找茬的目光。。。

说什么也没用了，只希望、殷切希望90后一路好走，等待你们的，将是比等待80后更加严峻更加残酷的时空。。。

奔跑中，请加油~！

Education in Britain and The US

　　In Britain all children have to go to school between the ages of 5 and 16. In the US children must go to school from the age of 6 to between the ages of 14 and 16, depending on the state they live in.

　　Subject

　　In England and Wales the subjects taught in schools are laid down by the National Curriculum(课程), which was introduced in 1988 and sets out(制定) in detail the subjects that children should study and the levels of achievement they should reach by the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16, when they are tested. The National Curriculum does not apply in Scotland, where each school decides what subjects it will teach.

　　In the US the subjects taught are decided by national and local governments. Whereas British schools usually have prayers(祈祷) and religious(宗教的) instruction, American schools are not allowed to include prayers or to teach particular religious beliefs(信仰).

　　Examinations

　　At 16 students in England and Wales take GCSE examinations. These examinations are taken by students of all levels of ability in any of a range of subjects and may involve a final examination, an assessment(评价) of work done during the two year course, or both of these things. At 18 some students taken A-level examinations, usually in not more than 3 subjects. It is necessary to have A-levels in order to go to a university or polytechnic(综合技术大学).

　　In Scotland students take the SCE examinations. A year later, they can take examinations called HIGHS, after which they can either go straight to a university or spend a further year at school and take the Certificate(证书) of Sixth Year Studies. In Scotland the university system is different to that in England and Wales. Courses usually last four years rather than three and students study a larger number of subjects as part of their degree.

　　In the US school examinations are not as important as they are in Britain. Students in High Schools do have exams at the end of their last two years, but these final exams are considered along with the work that the students have done during the school years.

　　Social Events and Ceremonies(仪式)

　　In American high schools there is a formal ceremony for Graduation (=completion of high school). Students wear a special cap and gown and receive a diploma(文凭) from the head of the school. Students often buy a class ring to ear, and a yearbook, containing pictures of their friends and teachers. There are also special social events at American schools. Sports events are popular, and cheer leaders lead the school in supporting the school team and singing the school song. At the end of their junior year, at age 17 or 18, students held in the evening. The girls wear long evening dresses and the boys wear TUXEDOS.

　　In Britain, there are no formal dances or social occasions(场合) associated(和……有关) with school life. Some schools have SPEECH DAY at the end of the school year when prizes are given to the best students and speeches are made by the head teacher and sometimes an invited guest. However, in many British schools students and teachers organize(组织) informal dances for the older students.

　　Government in Britain and the US

　　Government in Britain

　　National government

　　The center of government in Britain is PARLIAMENT(国会), which makes all the important laws for the country about crimes and punishment, taxation(犯罪), etc. Parliament is made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the monarch(贵族). The Houses of Parliament are in Westminster in London and sometimes “Westminster” itself is used to mean Parliament.

　　The House of commons (or the Commons) is the lower but more powerful of the two Houses. It has 650 elected members, called Members of Parliament or MPs, each representing people in a particular area or constituency. The House of Lords (the Lords) is the higher but less powerful of the two Houses. It has over 1,000 members, none of whom is elected. These members include: people who have titles like Lord or Viscount(子爵) which have been passed down to them on the death of their father (hereditary peers(世袭贵族)); people who are given titles as a reward for their long service in public life, but whose children do not INHERIT(继承) their title (life peers); and some important leaders of the Church of England (Archbishops(大主教) and Bishops(主教)).

　　The government brings BILL (=suggested laws) to the House of Commons, which are discussed by MPs. The bills then go to the House of Lords to be discussed. The House of Lords can suggest changes to a bill, but does not have the power to reject it (=refuse permission for it to be passed). When bills come back to the Commons, MPs vote on them and if they are passed they are signed by the monarch and become Acts of Parliament

　　At present England, Scotland, Wales, and N Ireland are all governed by Parliament in Westminster. In N Ireland the political parties are different but their MPs still go to the House of Commons. In Scotland there is a lot of discussion about whether Scotland should have some separate or partly separate form of government. The same is true in Wales

　　Local government

　　Local government is Britain, also known as Councils, can make small laws (bylaws) which only apply in their area, but these are usually about small, local matters. For instance, they may be about fines that will be made for people who park in certain streets.

　　Councils are paid for by local taxes and also by an amount of money given to them each year by the national government. Their main job is the organizing and providing of local services, e.g. hospitals, school, libraries, public transport, street-cleaning, etc. They are also responsible for setting the amount of local tax that people must pay and for collecting this tax.

　　Local councils(议会) are elected by people within each town, city, or country area. The people who are elected, known as councilors, usually represent one of the national political parties, but are often elected because of their policies on local issues(问题) rather than the national policies of their party.

　　Government in the US

　　All levels of government in the US (federal(联邦), state, and local) are elected by the people of the country.

　　Federal government

　　The constitution of the US specifically limits the power of the federal (=national) government mainly to defence(国防), foreign affairs, printing money, controlling trade and relations between the states, and protecting human rights. The federal government is make up of the CONGRESS(国会), the President, and the Supreme Count(最高法院).

　　Congress

　　Congress, the central law-making body in the US, is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives is the lower but more important of the two houses of Congress. It has 435 members, called Representatives or Congressmen/Congresswomen elected by their state. The member of Representative(代表) for each state depends on the size of the population of the state, with each state having at least one Representative. The Senate is the higher but less powerful of the two houses of Congress. It has 100 members, called Senators(参议院), elected by their state. Each state has two Senators.

　　Congress decides whether a BILL (suggested law) becomes law. If the Senate and the House of Representative both agree to a bill, the President is asked to agree.

　　The President can veto(=say no to) the bill(议案), but Congress can still make it a law if 2/3 of the members of each house agree to it.

　　State government

　　State government has the greatest influence in people‘s daily lives. Each state has its own written Constitution(宪法) (set of fixed law), and among the state there are sometimes great differences in law on matters such as property, crime, health, and education. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor. Each state also has one or two elected lawmaking bodies (state Legislature) whose members represent the various parts of the state.

　　Local government

　　Local government concerns laws made at the town, city or county level. These laws are usually limited to a small area and concern such thing as traffic, where and when alcoholic drinks can be sold, or keeping animals. The highest elected official of a town or city Council.

　　Every law at every level of government must be in agreement with(一致) the United States constitution. Any citizen who thinks he or she has not been given their rights under the law may argue their case through all the courts up to the Supreme Court (the final Court of Appeal in the US) if necessary, and any law which is found not in agreement with the constitution (unconstitutional) cannot be kept in force.

　　Newspapers in Britain and the US

　　Newspapers in Britain

　　National and local papers

　　In Britain there are 11 national daily newspapers and most people read one of them every day. There are two kinds of newspaper. One is large in size and has many detailed articles about national and international events. These newspapers are called the serious papers or the quality papers. The other kind, called the tabloids is smaller in size, have more pictures, often in colour, and shorter articles, often about less important events or about the private lives of well-know people. Although some people disapprove(反对) of the tabloids(小报), more people buy them than buy the serious newspaper. The Sun, for example, which is a tabloid, is the biggest-selling newspaper in Britain. People who disapprove of the tabloids very strongly sometimes call them the Gutter Press.

　　There are daily or weekly newspapers in all parts of Britain which cover local news as well as some national and international stories. Local papers give information about films, concerts, and other things that are happening in the local neighborhood, including, for example, information about local people who have been married or died recently. National papers generally give information about film, concerts and other events happening in London, In Scotland, many people read the Glasgow Herald or the Scotsman and there are Scottish Editions of the tabloids.

　　There also many free local newspapers which are delivered to people‘s homes whether they ask for them or not. These contain a lot of advertisements(广告) and also some news.

　　Politics

　　Most national newspapers in Britain express a political opinion and people choose the newspaper that they read according to their own political beliefs. Most of the newspapers are right-wing. These are the Daily Telegraph(serious newspaper), the Daily express, Daily Mail, Daily Star, the Sun and Today(all tabloids). Of the other serious newspapers, The Times, the oldest newspaper in Britain, did not formerly have one strong political view but it is now more right-wing. The Guardian is slightly left-wing, the Independent is centre and the Financial(金融) with political issues, but reports on business and financial news. The Daily Mirror(tabloid) is left-wing.

　　Daily and Sunday newspapers

　　Daily newspapers are published on every day of the week except Sunday. Sunday newspapers are larger than daily newspapers, often having 2 or 3 sections. There is also other a magazine, called the colour supplement(增刊). All the Sunday newspapers are national Serious newspapers include the Observer(which is slightly left-wing), the Sunday Times, the Sunday Telegraph and the Independent on Sunday, the Sunday Mirror, the Sunday Express, the News of the World and the Sunday Sport which is considered to lack much serious information.

　　Newspapers in The US

　　National and local newspapers

　　There are more than 1500 daily newspapers in the US. Each one is usually sold only in one part of the country, e.g. in a city, but they cover national and international news. In larger cities there is often more than one newspaper and the different ones express different political opinions. Some newspapers are sold in nearly all parts of the US. E.g. USA today and the National edition of the New York Times. Two other newspapers, the Los Angeles Times and the Washington Post are know and respected all over the US but cannot be bought everywhere. Other important newspapers are: the Boston Globe, sold in New England, the Chicago Tribune, sold in the Midwest, the Christian Science Monitor and USA Today, both sold nationally, and the Washington Post on the East Coast.

　　There are also weekly newspapers in all parts of the US which cover local news, such as what is happening in the local neighborhood(地方). Fewer people read these than read the daily newspapers.

　　Daily and Sunday newspapers

　　Daily newspapers are published on every day of the week except Sunday. Sunday newspapers are very big, often having several separate parts. They contain many longer articles and a lot of advertisements. Each section deals with a different subject. E.g. national and international news, sport, travel, etc. One section, the classifieds(分类广告) has advertisements for jobs and things for sale. Another section is called the funnies. There is often also a magazine which is in color.

　　Alternative newspapers

　　In the 1960s a group of newspapers began to appear that were later called in “alternative press”. They expressed extreme(极端的) political opinions, especially left-wing opinion. Many of the newspapers which were part of this movement, such as the Village Voice in New York or the Reader in Chicago, are less extreme today and more widely read.

　　Law in Britain and the US

　　In both Britain and the US, when a person is accused of a rime it must be shown that they are guilty "beyond reasonable doubt". A person is always innocent(无罪) in the eyes of the law until they have been proved to be guilty by a court they can sometimes ask for permission to APPEAL(上诉) to a higher court in the hope that it will change this decision.

　　Criminal law in England and Wales

　　When someone is arrested (ARREST) by the police, a MAGISTRATE (=an official who judges cases in some types of courts) decides whether there is enough EVIDENCE(证据) against the person for the case to go to court. If there is enough evidence and the case is a serious one, the person accused(控告) of the crime (called 'the accused(被告)') is sent to a CROWN COURT for a TRIAL with a JUDGE and JURY (=12 members of the public who have to decide if the accused is guilty(有罪的), then the judge decides the SENTENCE(判决) (2) (=punishment). If there is enough evidence against the accused but the crime is not a serious one (for example a traffic offence) then the case is heard in a MAGISTRATES COURT.

　　If found guilty in the Crown Court the accused may apply to(请求) the COURT OF APPEAL (Criminal Division) where he or she will be heard by a judge. Sometimes a HIGH COURT judge from the Queen's Bench Division assists in dealing with criminal matters in the Court of Appeal or Crown Court.

　　Criminal law in Northern Ireland

　　In Northern Ireland, as in England and Wales, someone accused of a crime may be tried in a Magistrates' Court or a Crown Court depending on how serious the crime is. Appeals from the Crown Court are heard in the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal.

　　Criminal law in Scotland

　　Scotland has a separate court system. After a person is arrested by the police, an official called the PROCURATOR FISCAL is in charge of deciding whether there is enough evidence against the accused for a trial. If there is enough evidence and the crime is a very serious one, the accused is sent to the HIGH COURT OF JUSTICIARY where there is a judge and jury(陪审团) (in Scotland there are 15 people on a jury). If there is enough evidence but the crime is a less serious one, the case is heard in a SHERIFF COURT (The sheriff is a trained lawyer who acts as a judge). Appeals from the Sheriff Court go to the High Court of Justiciary.

　　Criminal law in the US

　　The US has tow separate court systems. In general terms STATE COURTS are used when someone has done something against the laws of CONSTITUTION of a particular State. FEDERAL COURTS deal with cases to do with the laws and Constitution of the United States as whole. Federal courts also hear cases where the US Government is one of the sides involved(介入). Cases for crimes which are not serious are likely to be heard in state courts. Serious crimes may be tried in wither state courts of federal courts depending on the situation, for example cases where a crime has taken place in another state are often heard in federal courts.

　　After a person has been arrested a magistrate(地方官员), or in some cases a GRAND JURY made up of between 16 and 23 citizens, decides whether they should go to trial. If there is enough evidence for a trial the accused goes to court and has to state whether he/she is guilty or not guilty of the crime. If they say they are not guilty they are sent to trial with a judge and jury (of 16 or 20 citizens) in either a State or COUNTY COURT or, in federal cases, a DISTRICT COURT. If the accused is found guilty they may have the fight to appeal to a higher court, as shown below.

　　The final court of appeal in the US federal system and for some cases in the state courts is the US SUPREME COURT. It is made up of a CHIEF JUSTICE and eight ASSOCIATES. The accused does not have the fight to be heard by the Supremes Court, but the Supreme Court decides which cases it will hear.

　　Holiday in Britain and the US

　　Paid Holiday

　　People in the US get 2 weeks a year paid vacation (holiday) form their job. Most British people have four or five weeks paid holiday a year. Americans often complain that tow weeks is not enough holiday, especially when they hear about the longer holidays that Europeans get. In addition, there are 8 days in each country, which are public holidays (the British call Bank Holiday) and many of these fall on a Monday giving people a long weekend. In Britain, so many people drive to another part of the country, especially the coast, on Bank Holiday weekends that there are serious traffic jams, which may stretch(长达) for many miles.

　　Popular Holiday Places

　　With the US, outdoor vacations are popular, for example at the Grand Canyon or Yosemite or Yellowstone or the national parks or forests. Yong people may go walking or camping in the mountains. Many people have capers or small trailer(拖车) in which to travel, or if they are in a car, they may stay at Motels on the journey Disneyland and Disneyworld are also popular and people can to skiing in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Wyoming and Montana.

　　It is also very common to use vacations to visit relatives who may live in states a long distance away. Some children go to summer camp for a holiday during the summer vacation form school, where they do special activities, such as sports or crafts.

　　When Americans want a holiday for sun and rest, they usually go to Florida, Hawaii, Mexico or the Caribbean. They may go to Europe for culture, for example, to see art, plays, and places of historic interest.

　　In Britain, many people like to go to the seaside for holidays. There are places near the sea, such as Blackpool, Scarborough and Bournemouth, where there is plenty to do even if it rains. In a traditional British seaside holiday, the children can watch a Punch and Judy Show, eat candy floss and rock (=sweet) and make sandcastles, while older people can hire a deckchair to sit on the beach. People also like to go to go the country, especially to walk, in places like Scotland, Wales and the Lake District.

　　When the British go abroad they usually want to go somewhere warm. Spain and 'Spanish islands of Majorca and Ibiza are popular as are other places in southern Europe. For skiing, people often go to the Alps.

　　Medicine in Britain and American

　　Medicine in Britain

　　In Britain there is a National Health Service (NHS) which is paid for by taxes and National Insurance(保险), and in general people do not have to pay for medical treatment. Every person is registered with a doctor in their local area, know as general practitioner or GP. This means that their name is on the GP's list, and they may make an appointment to see the doctor or may call the doctor out to visit them if they are ill. People do sometimes have to pay part of the cost of drugs that the doctor prescribes(开处方). GPs are trained in general medicine but are not specialists in any particular subject. If a patient needs to see a specialist doctor, they must first go to their GP and then the GP will make an appointment(预约) for the patient to see a specialist at a hospital or clinic.

　　Although everyone in Britain can have free treatment under the National Health Service. It is also possible to have treatment done privately, for which one has to pay, Some people have private health insurance to help them pay for private treatment. Under the NHS, people who need to go to hospital may have to wait for a long time on a waiting list for their treatment. If they pay for the treatment, they will probably get it quickly.

　　Anyone who is very ill can call an ambulance(救护车) and get taken to hospital for free urgent medical treatment. Ambulances are a free service in Britain.

　　Medicine in the US

　　Unlike Britain, the US does not have a national health care service. The government does help pay for some medical care for people who are on low incomes and for old, but most people buy insurance to help pay for medical care. Some people cannot afford insurance but not poor enough to get government help. The cost of medical insurance and the problems of those who can not afford it are an important political subject.

　　When people are ill, they usually go first to a general practitioner or internist. Unlike in Britain, however, people sometimes go straight to a specialist, without seeing their general practitioner first. Children are usually taken to a pediatrician (a doctor who is a specialist in the treatment of children). As in Britain, if a patient needs to see a specialist doctor, their general doctor will usually give them the name of one.

　　Doctors don not go to people's homes when they are ill. People always make appointments to see the doctor in the doctor's office. In emergencies(急诊), people call for an ambulance. Hospital must treat all emergency patients, even if the patient does not have medical insurance. The government would then help pay for some of the cost of the medical care.

　　Social Class in Britain

　　British society is considered to be divided into three main groups of classes - the Upper Class, the Middle Class, and the Lower or Working Class. This is known as the Class system and it is important to know something about it if you want to understand British people and society. Most British people grow up with a deep knowledge and understanding of the class system even if they are not very conscious(意识到) of it. Most people know which class they belong to by the way they speak, their clothes, their interests or even the type of food they eat.

　　Social class is not only about behavior and attitudes, For example, although many upper class people are rich and may own a lot of land, having a lot of money does not make a person upper class. It is also important to come from a particular kind of family, have friends who are considered suitable, have been to a certain type of private school and speak with the right kind of accent. There are people who are poor but who do not think of themselves as working class because their family background, education, political opinions, etc. are different to those of most working-class people. Many people do not like the class system but it is impossible to pretend that these differences do not exist or that British people do not sometimes form opinions in this way.

　　Pubs in Britain

　　Pubs are an important part of British life. Even very small villages nearly always have a pub. People especially men, will often go to the pub for a drink in the evening and at weekends. A man will usually go to the same pub, one which is closed by and which is called the local: I'm just nipping down to the local for a print. Women now go to pubs more than they used to, but usually don not like to go to a pub on their own. Children under 16 are not usually allowed into pubs, although some pubs have a children's room or a garden where children can sit.

　　Until 1988, pubs were only allowed to be open from 12:00 am to 2:00 pm alcoholic drink can be sold in a public place are called the licensing laws. Even though the law was changed so that alcohol can now be sold all day, many pubs still only pen at lunchtime and in the evening. When it is nearly time for the pub to close, the landlord or landlady shouts "last orders" and then "time".

　　Pubs often sell food or snacks as well as drinks. Food that is considered typical pub food is scampi (kind of shellfish) and chips (fried potatoes), pie and chips, chicken and chips, and ploughman's lunch (bread with cheese).

　　Pubs have names, e.g. The Angel, The Black Swan, The Crown, The King's Arms, The Red Lion, The White Horse, etc. and people usually refer to the pub by its name: Turn left at the Rose and Crown. There is often a sing outside the pub showing the name with a picture.

　　Many pubs have two or more different bars. The public bar is usually plainly furnished and often has a pool table and dartboard. It is the bar usually used by the local people. The saloon bar is comfortable and well-furnished(装修很好的) and is the bar that is usually used by men and woman drinking together

　　Sports in Britain and the US

　　Football in Britain and America

　　Football(soccer AmE) is a very popular sport in Britain, played between August and May (the football season) Many people, esp. men, support a particular team and may go to watch the games that their team plays. Professional football is controlled by two organizations, the Football League and the Football Association (the FA). In England and Wales, there 93 teams in the League, organized into four divisions(区）. In Scotland, there are 38 teams in the League, organized into three divisions. Teams play regularly against the other teams in their league or division according to a fixed programme. At the end of the season the team in the Premier League (or the Premier Division in Scotland) with the most points is the League Champion. This competition is called the League Championship.

　　The other important competition is the FA Cup, often just called the cup.This is open to all armature football teams that belong to the FA as well as the 93 professional（专业） teams. The teams play against each other in a Knockout competition which starts in August and ends in May. The two teams left in the competition play in the FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium in London. This is a very important national sporting occasion, watched by millions of people in television.

　　Team names usu. include the name of the town or city where the team is based, e.g. Leeds United, Sheffield Wednesday, Wolverhamptom Wanderers (Wolves), Dundee United, etc.

　　Football(American football BrE) is a very popular sport in the US. Many people, esp. men, support a particular team and watch the game that their team plays. Each team has a name, which usually includes the name of the town or city that the team is associated with, Some examples of names are: New York Jets, Washington Redskins, New England Patriots, and Green Bay Packers.

　　The season starts in early autumn and ends at the end of January with the Super Bowl, which is the NFL championship game. The two teams that play in the Super Bowl are determined by games within the divisions and conferences. The Super Bowl is only one game and at the end of the game, they have a sudden-death play-off, in which the first team to gain points wins the game. Professional football games are organized in the US in the following way: National Football League are divided into two conferences: One is National Football Conference（国家足协） and the other is American Football Conference. Both of them have 14 teams and three divisions.

　　Basket Ball and Base Ball in The U.S

　　Basketball is a very popular sport in the US. Many people, esp., men support a particular team and watch the games that their team plays.

　　Each team has a name, which usually includes the name of the town or city that the team is associated （有关）with. Some examples of names are: Boston Cetics, Chicago Bulls, Denver Nuggets, and Los Angeles Lakers.

　　The plying season runs from autumn to late spring. Teams with each division play against each other, and against teams from the other divisions within the conferences. The best teams from each other (the NBA Championship). The first team to win four of these games is the NBA champion. Professional basketball games are organized in the US in the following way: National Basketball Association (NBA) has two conferences, Eastern conference and Western conference. The Eastern conference has two divisions, Atlantic division with 6 teams and Central division with 7 teams and Western conference has two divisions, Midwest division with 7 teams and Pacific division with 7 teams.

　　Baseball is a very popular sport in the US where it is often called the National pastime（消遣）. Many people, esp., men support a particular team and watch the games that their team plays.

　　Each team has a name, which usually includes the name of the town or city that the team is associated with. Some examples of names are: Boston Red Sox, Minnesota Twins, Chicago Cubs, and Houston Astros.

　　The two leagues together are know as the major leagues. The plying season runs from late spring to October. The winning team in each league is called the pennant champion. In October, the two pennant champions play against each other in seven games call the world series. The team that wins four games is the champion. Professional baseball games are organized in the US in the following way. There are two leagues, National League with 12 teams and American League with 14 teams. National League has Eastern division and Western division and American League also has Eastern division and Western division.

　　Cricket（板球） and Rugby（橄榄球） in Britain

　　Cricket is a very popular sport in Britain, played mainly in the summer. Professional cricket is controlled by the MCC(the Marylebone Cricket Club). The main competition is the county championship, in which the 18 county cricket clubs play against one another during the season. Each match takes 3-4 days to complete.

　　The other form of cricket is called Limited overs (or one-day) cricket. in which matches are completed in a day. There is a limited-overs championship, played on Sundays. There are also two knockout competitions（淘汰赛）, the finals（决赛） of which are played at the Lord's Cricket ground in London.

　　International matches are called test matches( or tests) and can takes 5 days to complete. They are played between the following teams: Australia, England, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, South African, Sri Lanka, and the West Indies. When England and Australia play test matches against one another, they are said to be playing for the ashes.

　　Many people consider cricket to be England's national game and to be typical of a style of behavior thought to be very English which includes above all a sense of honor and fairness. It is traditionally played by men and boys and although there are some women's teams, including a national one, the most important cricket club in England (the MCC) voted in 1991 not to accept women members.

　　There are two forms of rugby football played in Britain, rugby union and rugby league. rugby union is played by amateurs （业余爱好者）(they are not paid). There are 15 players on each team. Rugby union is played internationally between many countries including Australia, Fiji, France, south Africa, Argentina, England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and New Zealand. In Britain it is played especially in public schools.

　　Rugby league is a professional game, played mainly in England and Australia). There are 13 players on each team, and the rules are slightly different from rugby union. It is thought to be a rough, hard game.

　　Why American Culture is Unique

　　American culture is unique because it is nurtured, formed and developed under certain conditions, which are characteristically(特性)American. The major factors contributing to the making of this new nation and the forming of a new culture are the hard environment, ethnic diversity(多民族) and plural religion, which is quite different from other nations in the world. What is more, these elements are still influencing the American culture.

　　1. Rough Environment

　　The early immigrants who were English Puritans settled down in northeast part of American. The environment there was very rough but they believed the poor land could purify their mind so they chose the place along the coast. From 1607 to 1892, frontiers were pushed further west. The American frontier consisted of the relatively unsettled regions of the United States, usually found in the western part of the country. The frontiersmen looked for a land of rich resources and a land of promise, opportunity and freedom. Actually they looked for a better life. So individualism, self-reliance, and equality of opportunity have perhaps been the values most closely associated with the frontier heritage(遗产) of American.

　　2. Ethnic Diversity

　　The population of the United States includes a large variety of ethnic groups coming from many races, nationalities, and religions. People refer to the United States as "melting pot "and the dominant people are British. American is made up of WASP MM, that is, White, Anglo Saxon, Protestants plus Middle Class and Male. In history, people from different countries in the world rushed to American three times. They brought their own culture to American and later on different cultures were mixed together. Thus the unique American culture is formed, a common cultural life with commonly shared values.

　　3. Plural religion

　　The fundamental American belief in individual freedom and the right of individuals to practice their own religion is at the center of religious experience in the United States. The great diversity of ethnic backgrounds has produced religious pluralism; almost all of the religions of the world are now practiced in the United States. Christianity(基督教) is the dominant religion in American and Protestant (新教)is predominate(主导). Any individuals are equal before God and they believe they can communicate directly to God so they can share the same idea. Under the protestant, many new ones are formed and different explanations produce different sect of religion. Churches are independent and American religion is no longer religion seculars. The institution permits the practice of religion and the political power is separate form religion. So there are more religions in American than in other countries.

　　4. Current influence:

　　Nowadays, we can see the continual influence of the three elements in the current American society. American family is typically parents and their unmarried children. Middle-aged and elderly people generally do not live with their married children. Many Americans live in mobile homes whose homes are built with wheels. They can be moved. The people in American have a very strong desire to start a new life in a new place. Quite a number of people change residences(住所) every year. The average American moves fourteen times in his lifetime. The courage to try something new has been an American characteristic. American democracy means majority rule, but it also means protection of minority rights. There are certain freedom which the United States promises to all its citizens and members of minority group cannot be denied these rights by a vote of the majority. Americans also like to be involved in many challenge activities and sports to show their adventurous spirits. All of these are affected by the heritage of the American history.

　　From the facts above, we can see American culture is unique which was cultivated, formed and developed by the main three factors, rough environment, ethnic diversity and plural religion and still is affected and determined by them now.

 中西方文化差异与英语学习

一、自然环境

在中国人的心目中，"夏日炎炎"、“火辣夏日”，夏天总与酷暑炎热联系在一起。而在莎翁的一首十四行诗中却有这样的诗句，Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate.(我能不能拿夏天同你相比?/你啊，比夏天来得可爱和照。) 诗人把情人比作夏天，可爱而温煦。"夏天" 带给中国人和英国人的联想竟是如此的迥异。原因就在于所处的地理位置不同，中国位于亚洲大陆，属于大陆性气候，四季分明，夏天最明显的特征便是骄阳似火，炎热难熬。而英国位于北温带，属海洋性气候，夏天明媚温和，令人惬意。当然还有很多这方面的例子，例如，在汉语中的 "东风" 使人想到温暖和煦，西风则叫人有种寒风刺骨的味道。而在西方则相反。原因也是一样，两地所处地理位置不同，带来感觉就不同 。

二、 生产劳动

英语中与水产、航船有关的词语非常多，如 fish in the air (缘木求鱼 )、an odd fish(怪人)、miss the boat (错过机会) 等。汉语中这类词语就少得多。原因在于英国四周环水、水产捕捞业和航海业在其经济生活中占有重要地位，故而多此类词语。而在中国只有沿海地区才有渔民结网捕鱼,所以该类词语相对较少。

要表达“用体力负运东西" 的动词在汉语中有许多，如 "扛、 荷、挑、担、抬、背、驮、负、提、挎" 等，每个词都有一定的负运的东西与之相应(如，挑土、担水、提箱子)，真是细密之极。在英语中却只有--个 carry 来泛指这个动作。汉语之所以将这个动词细加区分，大概因为中国长期处于农业社会，体力劳动特别多的缘故。

汉语中我们会遇到"像老黄牛一样干活" 、"气壮如牛 " 等词 ，英语中要表达同样的意思，会说 work like a horse, as strong as a horse, flog a willing horse 。为什么汉语用 "牛 " 而英语用horse 呢? 答案是中国人向来用牛来耕田种地，早期的英国人却用马来耕作。牛和马在生产过程中分别分成了两国人的好帮手，博得了人们的好感，词语中也就有了如上用法。

三、风俗习惯

1、称谓及称呼: 学习英语时，我们发现英语中的称谓名称比汉语中的要少得多。例如，英语中cousin一词，对应于汉语的表兄、表弟、表姐和表妹等。我们看到，汉语把表亲关系区分得非常严格，既要说出性别，又要分出大小，根本不像英语笼统一个词了事。这种语言现象的产生归因于中国二、三千年之久的封建统治。这种封建社会高度重视血缘关系，特别强调等级间的差异，提倡长幼、尊卑有序。亲属关系亲疏，长幼和性别等万面不同，权力和义务也随着出现区别， 故称谓区分得严格而细密。英语中的称谓为数不多 ， 除 dad, mum, grandpa, aunt, uncle等几个称谓经常使用外，其它的几乎都不用。在英美国家，人们的相互称呼在中国人看来有违情理，且不礼貌，没教养。比如:小孩子不把爷爷奶奶称作grandpa和grandma,而是直呼其名 ，这种做法却是得体，亲切、合乎常埋的，年轻人称老年人，只在其姓氏前加 Mr, Mrs 或Miss。他们这些做法体现了西方人追求人人平等的思想，在他们眼中，称谓本身就意味着不平等。 2、敬语谦词: 像称谓一样，英语中的敬语谦词也远远少于汉语。在英语中，不管对方年龄多大，地位多高，you 就是 you，I就是 I，用不着像汉语那样用许多诸如 "您、局长、工程师 " 等敬语。汉语产生这种现象的原因之一还是中国封建社会等级森严的宗法制度。它要求人们跟长辈或上级、甚至同辈说话时，要用敬语，否则就认为用词不当而失礼，甚至显得高傲；谈及自己时则要用谦词，如不使用，也会被认为没有礼貌。另一原因，便是中国人几千年来的传统思想的影响，不愿突出自己，总认为"谦虚"是一种美德。而在英语中这类词较少的原因有两个:一是西方人喜爱追求平等，二是他们长期以来尊重个人价值，乐于表现自己，强调培养个人自信心。受以上观念的支配，中西方人接受赞扬、祝贺时的反应也明显有很大区别。中国人听此类话语后会说一类谦虚的话语，而西方人则会毫不犹豫地说:“ Thank you”我曾从报上看到过这样一则笑话，在一次舞会上，一位美国人赞扬一位中国女士说：“You look very beautiful today (你今天很漂亮) 。” 这位中国女士赶忙谦虚地说:“Where(哪里 ),where(哪里 )." 而这位美国人感到非常奇怪，然后只好说了句: “ everywhere(到处)。"根据西方人的习惯，当他们赞扬别人时，总希望别人以道谢或爽快接受的方式作答，否则他们会误解为对方对自己的判断力表示怀疑。而东方则比较谦虚、谨慎，即使心里非常高兴，也不会坦然认同或接受对方的赞扬。又如学术刊物上发表的文献或论文的标题。汉语文章的标题除说明文章的内容外，往往有表示谦虚的字眼。如"浅谈…… " 、"试论……" 、 "、“……初探" 等，而英语文章的标题常常是直截了当，不加任何修饰，如 Science andLinguistics (《科学与语言》) 。

3、个人隐私: 对大多数西方人来说，向陌生人或不大熟悉的人提出 How old are you? How much do you make? Are you married? 等谈及年龄、收入、婚姻状况、宗教信仰、家庭情况等问题的话题属个人隐私范畴，忌讳别人问及。西方人寒暄最频繁的话题是天气的状况或预测。如“It’s fine, isn’t it?“、 “It’s raining hard, isn’t it?”、 “Your dress is do nice!”等等。他们在初次见面或不太熟悉的人面前，从不问及有关别人隐私方面问题，以示对对方的尊敬。汉语里的寒暄有时还表示对对方的关心。如 "你今天气色不好，生病了吗? " "好久不见，你又长胖了 。" "你又瘦了，要注意身体啊。" 如西方人听到你说:“You are fat”或 “You are so thin”等话语。即使彼此间较熟悉，也会感到尴尬，难以回答，因这是不礼貌的。而中国人见面三分熟，在半小时内，对方的家庭情况、个人状况便了解得清清楚楚。这又是双方所处的不同文化背景在起作用。西方人特别注重个人隐私。他们认为个人的事不必让别人知道，更不愿让别人干预。而中国人千百年来住在一个村庄里，离得近，接触得多，个人生活或私事很难不被人知道或干预。再加上中国人团结友爱，互相关心，相互帮助，认为个人的事即家庭乃至集体的事。故而他们很愿意了解别人的酸甜苫辣，别人也愿坦诚相告。当然，现在在一些发达或沿海城市，人们也开始接受西方人的观点，说话不随便涉及对方隐私。

四 宗教信仰

汉英语言中涉及宗教的词语数目庞大，蔚为壮观。比如，"天公" 、"阴阳 " 、"菩萨" 等。语言是思想的直接反映，两种截然不同的宗教词汇是两个民族宗教观念迥异的真实写照。隋唐之前，儒道两教在中国居统治地位，汉语中涉及宗教的词语多与此相关，如"太极" 、"道" 等，其精神，如尊天命，行孝道、听天由命等也可见于 日常语言当中。隋唐时期，大量佛教传入，大量佛教词语随之而来，其轮回报应的思想被儒道思想所接受并被消化。这样儒、佛、道三教在中国占有绝对主导地位。在英国，则以基督教为主要宗教。 该教于597 年传入英国。在随后相当长的时间里，大量与此相关的词语陆续汇入英语行列 。这里既有古英语时期由拉丁语渗入英语的词 、如angel (天使)、monk (僧侣 ) 等，又有中古时期从法语借用的词 ，如 religion (宗教) 、dean(教长)等，还有现代英语时期从其他外来语中借来的大量的词， 结果英语中涉及宗教的词语远比其他语种来得多。

五、 历史典故

用典是每个民族日常交谈的一个重要组成部分，人们常常在不自觉间运用出于各自民族文化遗产的典故，比如中国人会说，"真是马后炮"、 "原来是个空城计啊 ! " 西方人则会讲 That all Greek to me.(我对此一窍不通。) 、He’s a Shylock (他是个守财奴)。一谈用典，对对方文化了解不多的外国人大多感到相当费解，显然这是因为各民族以化遗产不同的缘故。中国人的典故多源于《红楼梦》等古代四大名著、民间传说神话以及中国传统的体育娱乐项目，如象棋、戏剧等。前两个例子一个来自中国象棋，一个来自《三国演义》。而西方人的典故则多出于莎士比亚戏剧和以后英美文学中的许多其他人物或名称、希腊、罗马神话、《圣经》中的人物和事件以及传统的体育项目，如美国的棒球、橄揽球等。后两个英文例子便来自莎士比亚戏剧。

六、思维方式

英语注重运用各种具体的连接手段以达到语法形式的完整。这些句子组织严密，层次井然有序，其句法功能一望便知。比如 ，If winter comes, can spring be far behind?(冬天来了，春还会远吗？)一见到if,两句间的逻辑关系便一目了然。而汉语则很少使用连接手段，句子看上去松散混乱，概念、判断、推理不严密，句子间的逻辑关系从外表不易看出。比如，"打得就打，打不赢就走，还怕没办法?" 几个句子间无连接成分，好像大量动词杂沓堆上，句间关系外表上根本看不出，但句子的意思却把他们联系起。这就是人们所说的英语重形合，汉语重意合，这些差异反映了英汉民族思维方式的不同。英民族重理性，重视逻辑思维。而汉民族重悟性，注重辩证思维。

七、个人主义价值观

在西方文化中，与 " 自 我" (self) 相关的观念可以说是根深蒂固、 无所不在。在英语中就有许多以自我为中心的词汇，如 “self-absorption (自我专注 )、self-admiration(自我赞赏) 、self-cultivation (自我修养 ) 、 self-image (自我形象 ) 等等。故此西方社会盛行的是个体主义 (individualism)”，强调个人自由 、不受外来约束。而中方文化强调集体利益高于个人利益，"先国家，后集体，再个人，先利民，再利已"的话语随处可见。通过简单的言语就可从中了解两种截然不同的文化。

通过语言对比了解中西文化的差异，人们会对双方文化有更深的理解，这反过来有助于我们掌握这两种语言。我们在学习英语时，应了解它的文化背景知识以及社会风俗习惯，随时将它与我们的母语进行对比，使自己自觉意识到不规范语言产生的根源和避免方法，进而增强使用规范语言的意识。

这学期的公选课我选的是英美文化，当初毫不犹豫的决定是出于对英美文化的喜爱。一个人在一个国度待的时间长了，接受的都是一个传统式的知识灌输，导致眼界很狭窄。而英美文化就像一股新的潮流一样以其势不可挡的神秘与灿烂吸引了我们。而通过对这门课程的学习以及自己平时对知识的渴求，逐渐对英美文化有了一定的了解，这对于自己而言是值得庆祝的事情。从对英美文化的不了解到接触英美文化，这一方面得感谢老师，因为这里面有着老师的辛勤授课以及良苦用心，成功是与这些分不开的；另外得感谢自己，因为学习的主体是自己，只有自己愿意去接受这些知识，知识才会为我所用！     说起英美文化，大多数人是对英美国家经济高速发展所展露光鲜的外表的向往与膜拜。当然这是不可避免的。但我却觉得这是一种误区，因为对英美国家的了解我们只是看到了其表面的一些炫目的荣耀，而在背后别人付出的努力我们是看不到的，于是我们大部分人会去向往一种惬意的富裕生活，小资情调的泛滥，甚至对奢侈的崇拜，而从根本上忽视了自己本身的努力以及对自己的高要求。一味的大张旗鼓地打着口号而不去付诸于实践，有了好处便欢天喜地地乐上了天，受了打击又自怨自艾地颓唐下来，嘟哝着嘴大发“郁闷”感慨，迷茫了，徘徊了，不知所措，浑浑噩噩。这是很不好的心态！     其实，对于任何一种知识的学习，其根本目的都是为了塑造自己的世界观人生观价值观，丰富自己的思想，关照自己的生活，使自己能够不糊涂，得心应手，左右逢源。至少在这个充满竞争的世界里有自己的一席之地，当然这样的境界比之前面又狭窄了点。通过对英美文化的学习，我觉得开阔了自己的眼界，对于一些外来的文化能够有自己的一定思考，虽然有时对于其中的有些东西还不能够完全接受（我指的是整个英美文化而不是课堂上讲授的知识），但对于因果联系其中的奥妙总会有自己的看法。比如昆汀的一些电影，里面充斥着暴力，画面的血浆四射以及对于性的一些展露，这是我们这些长期接受儒家传统思想教化的良民们所不能够接受的，这里面有着一个文化的差异。但是，当你通过对于英美文化的掌握以及了解到“一个果的产生必然有导致其产生的因”，从而通过对因的探究与分析，这里面的差异与隔膜便会慢慢的消失，当然，这个道理不只是适用于对英美文化的接受上！     而对于老师在课上播放的一些视频音像文件《大国崛起》和《走遍美国》我是很赞赏的。《大国崛起》从各方面介绍了西方的一些国家发展的前前后后，包括“海上马车夫”和“日不落帝国”等等；《走遍美国》则更多的是对美国的婚姻嫁娶等风俗方面进行了阐释。但二者对于我们都是很好的学习材料。唯一感到遗憾的是没有播放《老友记》，因为我认为这是个更加适合我们大学生观看的涉及英美文化的学习材料！如果能够再添加一些西方的经典影片，比如：《魔鬼代言人》、《搏击俱乐部》、《美国往事》、《魂断蓝桥》等等，那样就更好了！     英美文化，说到底，每个人有每个人的想法或者看法，就好像看《哈姆雷特》时的感觉一样，“一千个读者眼中有一千个哈姆雷特”。从影视方面来分析，则可以清晰地看出其中的许多奥妙。对于对唯美爱情有着憧憬的同学来讲，英美文化则过多地涵盖在《魂断蓝桥》、《罗马假日》、《人鬼情未了》、《廊桥遗梦》等经典爱情段落中；但对那一群热衷于军事战事分析以及兵器研究的同学来讲，他们对英美文化的掌握以及理解则体现在《现代启示录》、《野战排》、《全金属外壳》、《猎鹿人》等经典战争影片中；还有许多对心理研究很感兴趣的同学，他们则会选择《七宗罪》、《机械师》、《异教徒》、《沉默的羔羊》等影片；如果有人对现代人人生价值有所思考或者对自由主义有所向往，他们便更倾向于《V字仇杀队》、《搏击俱乐部》、《闻香识女人》、《出租车司机》；也有同学会天生对恐怖片有所好感，那他们对英美文化的了解就会涉及到《夜访吸血鬼》、《杀出个黎明》、《罪恶之城》、《群尸玩过界》；我们也不否认还有一群保有童真的同学，他们对英美文化的认识则更多源自于《狮子王》、《怪物史莱克》、《加菲猫》、《小飞侠彼得潘》。这些都是不同的人对于英美文化的理解！         总的说来，英美文化包含的只是太多，仅凭我们在课上的学习以及自己平时的了解是远远不够的，如果要摆脱“门外汉”的称号，则需要自己的更多努力，当然这也许是废话！这些便是我对于学习英美文化这门课的一点感想！

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雏田：毕竟是主角的女人！不要被那一身外套迷惑！雏田还是很美的！可爱，超容易害羞，腼腆的脸常常会红起来。还很会关心人，什么都为鸣人着想。也很贤惠，给人一个贤妻良母的好形象。

2

小樱：毕竟是主角喜欢过的女人！

虽然岸本说小樱的额头很宽，但我都不觉得阿。。。小樱独特的一点就是她那双重性格，虽然在疾风传里似乎不再出来了（恐怕是因为太多仗要打了），不过我觉得小樱长得蛮好的，身材，脸蛋都很好看。虽说有时候暴力一些，但温柔起来很可爱啊！

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漩涡奇奈: 主角他爹的老婆！（直接点，主角他妈）

就4代的风流倜傥，潇洒动人，俊俏有性的长相，加上他“木叶的金色闪光”的称号，身手，好心肠，又是4代火影！这样的男人，恐怕要比现在的两个宇智波还要迷人了！ 有道是“自古英雄爱美女”，4代的女人当然是木叶的头号美女了！（当年）

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小南：自来也的徒弟，晓成员。

以前自来也说过：小南，你会成为一个大美女的。       毕竟是好色仙人说的话，有几分分量，说的也挺对的！

自来也和她最后见面时还说：你现在也更有女人味儿了。

阿杜坦言张学友是最欣赏的歌手 　　而面对“最想给谁写歌”这样的问题，林俊杰表示是张学友：“张学友是我的偶像，目前还没有给他写过歌，很期待能与他合作，并且能替他写那种很有爆发力的抒情歌曲，就像他以前的风格。” 　　周杰伦自曝:张学友《吻别》让我爱上流行音乐 　　周杰伦在歌坛的成就有目共睹，不论是在创作才华和销售成绩上都备受肯定，而从小学古典钢琴的他在流行音乐上，一直很喜欢张学友的歌，也因为听张学友的歌，让他萌生创作流行音乐的念头，所以在他心目中，歌神可算是他迈向流行音乐之路的启蒙老师。 　　王力宏在25日晚请来偶像张学友担任表演嘉宾，他称从小听张学友歌曲，模仿张学友唱法，所以张学友对他影响很大。张学友出场时，王力宏向偶像跪拜，随即合唱轻快版《吻别》，全场观众站立拍掌狂呼，气氛澎湃。 　　黄霑比较欣赏哪个新一代歌手？霑叔大赞谢霆锋唱得好写歌也好。他说，当年他挖掘谢霆锋时，那时的霆锋唱歌受张学友影响很深，他就对霆锋说，没有人要一个翻版的张学友。你要做回自己，你要做谢霆锋。 　　潘玮柏：张学友，张学友教过我们唱演唱会的秘诀，觉得非常亲切，去KTV都唱他的歌。如果有一天我的演唱会唱到最热闹的时候，突然有个声音说：“欢迎特别嘉宾张学友！”我会疯掉的，哈哈。2005年时，我去看了《雪狼湖》，连看两场，张学友一出场我就哭了，因为突然想起1997年在香港上演的时候，我很想去看，但没钱买机票过去，如果有机会能演这个音乐剧，演棵树我都愿意。 　　陈奕迅曾经不畏直言:“在四大天王里除了听张学友的唱片,谁的也不听。”这句话的分量之重足以证明... 　　陈奕迅当天非常激动，他表示能与自己的偶像合作已非常满足,现在又能与张学友一起得奖，陈奕迅表示是不能用笔墨形容的心情，希望日后可以合作演绎更多的歌曲。

         1,当时最不堪忍受的莫过于这样一个不断升起的念头：假如能活着该多好啊!如果能追回生命，那将是无穷无尽的永恒！这个永恒将属于我！那时我会将每一分钟都当成一辈子，哪怕是一丁点儿也不会轻易的浪费，精打细算的过好每一分钟，绝不虚度光阴！他说，突然这个念头变成一股强烈的愤恨，以致他只希望死亡尽快来临。

        2，可见，现成的经验摆在你眼前，如果真的每一分钟都“精打细算”，日子是过不下去的，不知为什么，反正就是不行。

        3，也许会有这样一个人，别人先对它宣读判决书，让他受一番心理上的折磨，然后对他说：“走吧，你被赦免了。”也许这个人可以谈谈是什么感受。《圣经》上明明写到：“不可杀人!”

        4，一切都可以对小孩说——一切。父母总认为他们尚小，什么都不懂，但其实他们全懂。大人们不知道，即使遇到十分棘手的情况，孩子们也能提出很重要的建议。哦，上帝啊!当这样的小鸟幸福而信任的看着你们，你们却欺骗它，难道不会觉得问心有愧吗！我之所以称他们为小鸟是因为时尚小鸟是最可爱的。

        5，现在我就要到人群中去了，也许我真的一无所知，担新的生活的确已经开始了。我决定诚实并且坚定不移的去办我的事。

        6,一个有心无脑的人和一个有脑没心的人，一样都是可怜的傻瓜，这是自古就有的道理。

        7，上帝正是为了我才把你从瑞士带到彼得堡的

        8，是的，因为我一无所有，只是茫茫人海中的一颗泥土，谁会重视我？可是在解释经典上，我并不比王公贵族逊色，因为这靠智慧。

        9，金钱电热可恶和可恨之处就在于他能制造才干，而且还将继续制造之之世界末日。

       10，自从 上帝创造世界以来，相比没有任何人为她在脑门上划过十字，根本就没哦有人会想到她。我是这样念的：“求上帝让伟大的女罪人度巴黎公爵夫人以及像他那样的灵魂得到安息。”

       11，爱情也许是临别时的微笑/我的逝去的时光是多么无奈

       12，你真是一个爱慕虚荣的人，你是不可能爱他的，你根本不可能爱任何人。

       13，昨天我想像出一幅画来，我会把基督画成一个孤独的人,我只画一个小孩和他玩。他会陷入沉思之中，他的一只手不由自主地、出神地房子小孩子可爱的小脑袋上，忧伤满面;而小孩则沉默无言，一只小手托起腮帮，抬起小脑袋用儿童那种特有的表情注视着他。这是心目中的图画。

但最好还是以后讲给你们听这个病人的事；

我现在要讲的是这一切是怎么开始的。孩子们开始并不喜欢我。

我年龄这么大，我又总这么笨拙；我知道，我也长得不好看……最后，我还是个外国

人。孩子们起先嘲笑我，后来，他们看见我吻了玛丽，甚至还朝我掷石块。可我就吻

了她一次……不，你们别笑，”公爵急忙制止自己听客的讪笑，“这里根本没有爱

情。如果你们知道，这是个多么不幸的人，那么你们自己也会像我一样十分怜悯她

的。她是我们村子的人。她母亲是个年纪很大的老太婆。在她们那完全破旧的有两扇

窗户的小房子里，隔出了一扇窗户，是得到村当局允许的，他们允许她从这个窗口卖

细绳子，线，烟草，肥皂，全是些卖几文钱的小东西，她也就是以此为生。她有病，

两条腿是浮肿的，因此老是坐在一个地方。玛丽是她的女儿，２０岁左右，消瘦孱

弱；她早就有了肺病，但她仍然受雇于许多人家，每天都去他们那里干繁重的生活

--擦地板，洗衣服，扫院子，照料牲口。一个路过的法国商务代办引诱了她并把她

带走，可是过了一星期就将她孤零零一人抛在路上，悄悄离开了。她一路乞讨，上下

邋塌，全身褴楼，穿着破鞋，回到了家里；她步行了整整一星期，睡在田野上，得了

重伤风；脚上全是伤痛，双手浮肿、皲裂。不过，她本来就不漂亮，只有眼睛是安

详、善良的、天真无邪的。她寡言少语至极。有一次，还是先前的事，她在干活的时

候忽然唱起歌来，我记得，大家都感到惊讶并笑开了：‘玛丽唱歌了！怎么回事？玛

丽唱歌了！’--她非常窘，后来就永远保持沉默了。那时人家还怜爱她，可是在她

受尽苦难拖着有病的身子回来以后，无论谁也对她不表丝毫同情。他们在这件事上是

多么残酷呀！他们在这件事上有着多么迟钝的概念呀！母亲第一个凶狠而轻蔑地对待

她：‘现在你败坏了我的名声。’她第一个让她当众受辱：当村里人听说玛丽回来

了，大家便跑来看她，差不多全村人都愧拢到老大婆的茅屋里来：老人，孩子，妇

女）姑娘，所有的人都争先恐后急于赶来贪看个热闹，玛丽躺在地板上，就在老太婆

脚跟前，饥肠槽糟，破衣烂衫的，哭泣着。当大家都跑来时，她那蓬乱的头发完全盖

住了脸，就这样伏在地板上。周围大家就像看一个坏女人那样看着她；老人们斥责她

咒骂她，年轻人甚至嘲笑她，女人们辱骂她，谴责她，犹如望着一只蜘蛛似的蔑视地

望着她。母亲自己却容忍了这一切，她坐在那里，点着头，赞许着。母亲在当时就已

病得很重，几乎就要死去了；过了两个月也确实死了；她知道自己要死，但直至临死

也仍然不想跟女儿和解，甚至连一句话也不跟她说，把她赶到草棚里睡觉，甚至几乎

不给她吃东西。老太婆需要经常在温水里浸泡病腿；玛丽每天给她洗脚，服侍她；她

不吭一声地接受玛丽的照料侍侯，却对她没有说一句抚爱的话。玛丽承受着这一切，

我认识她以后也发现了这一点，她自己也认可了这一切、认为自己是最卑贱的淫荡女

人。当老太婆完全病倒时，村里的老妇们都轮流来照料她，那里是这样的规矩。于是

就根本不给玛丽吃东西；而村里还老是赶她走，甚至谁也不愿像以前那样给她活干。

大家都唾弃她，男人们甚至不把她当女人，尽对她说些下流话。有时候，那是很难得

的，星期天醉汉们喝够了寻开心，便仍给她一些小钱，就这么扔在地上；玛丽默默地

一个个捡起来。她那时已经开始咯血了。后来，她身上的破衣服已完全成了破布片，

穿着它都羞于在村里露面；依然是回来后就打的光脚。就在这种情形下，特别是孩子

们，成群结帮的--有４０多个小学生--开始作弄她，甚至向她投泥巴。她请求牧

人让她看守母牛，但牧人赶开了她。于是她自己离开家整天地跟牛群在一起。因为她

给牧人带来许多好处，牧人也觉察到了这一点，所以就不再赶她，甚至有时还把自己

午餐吃剩的奶酪和面包给她，他认为这是很大的慈悲。当母亲死去时，教堂里的牧师

当众羞辱玛丽而不以为耻。玛丽站在灵枢旁，仍跟原来那样，穿着破衣衫，哭泣着。

许多人集拢来看，她怎么哭，怎么跟在灵枢后面走；于是牧师--他还是个年轻人，

他的全部抱负是做一个大传教士--朝向大家，指着玛丽说，‘这就是这位可敬的妇

女死去的原因’（这是不对的，因为老太婆已经病了两年了），‘瞧她站在你们面

前，不敢朝你们看一眼，因为上帝的手指戳着她；瞧她赤着脚，穿着破衣服，这对那

些失去美德的人是个例子！她是谁呢？这是她的女儿！’以及诸如此类的话。你们倒

想想，几乎所有的人竟都爱听这种卑鄙的话语，但是……这时却出了一件特别的事：

孩子们当时出来袒护她，因为那时他们已经都站在我这一边并喜欢上玛丽了。这是怎

么回事呢？我很想为玛丽做点什么事；很有必要给她一些钱，但是在那里我从来都是

身无分文的。我有一只钻石别针，于是把它卖给了一个贩子；他来往于各个村庄，贩

卖旧衣服。他给了我８个法郎，实际上要值足足４０法郎。我竭力想单独遇见玛丽一

个人；等了很久，终于在村外篱笆旁通往山里的一条小径上，在一棵树后面遇上了。

就在那里我把８个法郎给了她并对她说，让她爱惜着用，因为我再也没有钱了，然后

吻了她一下，并说，要她别以为我怀有什么不良的居心，我吻她并不是爱上了她，而

是因为我很怜悯勉，还说，我一开始就认为她丝毫也没有过错，而只是个不幸的人。

我很想马上就能使她得到慰藉并相信，她不应该在众人面前认为自己如此低贱，但她

好象不理解。我立即就发觉了这一点，虽然她一直沉默不语站在我面前，低垂着双

眼，十分羞涩。我说完时，她吻了我的手，我也当即拿起她的手想吻，但她很快挣脱

了。突然这时孩子们在窥视着我们，他们有一大群；后来我知道，他们早就在暗中注

意了我：他们开始打唿哨，拍巴掌，发笑声，玛丽便急忙逃跑了。我本想说话，但他

们朝我扔石块。那一天全村都知道了这件事；大家又狠狠地责难玛丽，更加不喜欢

她。我甚至听说，人们想判处她刑罚，但是，上帝保佑，事情总算就这么过去了；然

而孩子们却老是不放过她，比过去更恶劣地作弄她，向她扔泥巴，追赶她，她则逃避

他们，因为肺部有病，逃得上气不接下气，孩子们在她后面喊啊，骂啊。有一次，我

甚至冲上前去跟他们打架：后来我开始跟他们谈，只要我有可能，天天都谈。他们有

时候停下来听，尽管仍然还要骂人。我对他们说，‘玛丽多么不幸’；很快他们便不

再骂她，并默默地走开了，渐渐地我们开始交谈起来，我对他们什么都不隐瞒，我全

部对他们讲了，他们非常好奇地听着，很快便开始怜悯起玛丽来。有些孩子在遇到她

时还亲切地跟她打招呼；那里的习俗是，不论认识还是不认识，彼此相遇时要鞠躬并

说：‘您好’，我可以想象，玛丽一定会非常惊讶。有一次两个女孩搞到一点食物，

带去找她，给了她，她们也来告诉了我。她们说，玛丽放声大哭了，还说她们现在

很爱她。很快大家都开始爱她，同时也突然喜欢上我了。他们开始常常到我这儿来，

老是请求我给他们讲故事；我觉得，我讲得不错，因为他们非常喜欢听我讲。以后我

学习和看书全都只是为了给他们讲故事，后来就给他们讲了整整三年。结果大家都责

怪我，连施奈德也这样，指责我为什么对孩子们跟对大人一样讲话，为什么对他们

什么都不隐瞒，我回答他们说，对他们撒谎我感到羞耻，不论怎么瞒他们，他们反正

还是会全都知道的，大概，只知道那些肮脏的事，而从我这儿知道的则不是这些。任

何人只要回想一下，他自己是孩子时是怎样的。他们不同意……我吻玛丽还是在她母

亲去世前两个晕期；当牧师布道时，所有的孩子都已经站在我一边了。我立即对他们

讲了并使他们明白牧师的行为；大家都很生他的气，有些孩子甚至气得用石块砸碎他

的窗玻璃。我制止了他们，因为这可是粗野的行为，可马上村子里全都知道了，这下

便开始指责我把孩子们带坏了。后来大家又知道，孩子们喜欢玛丽，更是万分惊慌；

但玛丽已经是幸福的了。大人们甚至还禁止孩子们与玛丽见面，但他们悄悄地跑到牛

群那里去找她，那是在离村半俄里的很远的地方；他们给她带去糖果，有的孩子跑去

就只是为了拥抱她，吻她，对她说：‘Ｊｅ ｖｏｕｓ ａｉｍｅ， Ｍａｒｉｅ！＊”

然后就赶快跑回去。玛丽因为这突如其来的幸福而差点发狂；她连做梦也想不到会这

样，她觉得又羞愧又高兴，更主要的是，孩子们，特别是女孩子们想跑去转告她，我

爱她并对他们讲了许多关于她的事。他们对她说，是我把一切都告诉了他们，所以现

在他们也爱她，同情她，他们将永远这样对待她。后来他们跑到我这儿来，一张张小

脸既兴奋又热心，他们转告我说，他们刚刚见到过玛丽，她向我致意。每天傍晚我都

走到瀑布那儿去。那里有一个地方从村子方向看过来完全是隐蔽的，周围长满了白杨

树；孩子们每到傍晚也跑到那里去找我，有些人还是偷偷跑去的。我觉得，我对玛丽

的爱对他们来说是一种极大的满足，我在那里的全部生活中，就这一件事上欺骗了他

们。我没有去说服他们，让他们相信我根本不受玛丽，也就是说我没有爱上她，我不

过是很可怜她；根据一切情况来判断，我看到，他们更希望如他们自己想象的和他们

彼此间认定的那样，因此我也就没有吭声并装出样子，似乎他们猜对了。这些幼小的

心灵温柔入微到什么地步呀：他们觉得，他们的莱昂＊＊就这么爱玛丽，玛丽就穿得

这么糟，光着脚丫，那是不成的。请想想，他们给她搞来了鞋子，袜子，内衣，甚至

还有一条裙子；他们是怎么想出办法弄到的，我不知道；全体孩子们都出了力。当我

盘问他们时，他们只是快活地笑着，而女孩们拍着手掌，吻着我。有时候我也悄悄去

见玛丽。她已经病得很重了，只能勉强行走；后来，完全不再帮牧人干活了，

    ＊法语：“我爱您，玛丽！”

＊＊即指梅什金公爵。

但每天早晨还是跟着牛群出去。她坐在一旁；那里一座几乎是陡直的峭壁有一块突出

的地方；她就坐在那个角上的一块石头上，大家都看不到，几乎一动不动趴。从早晨

坐到吝群回来的时分。她生肺病已经非常虚弱，坐在那里越来越经常地把头靠在岩石

上，闭着眼睛，打着脑，呼吸很吃力；她的脸瘦得已像一个骨架，额头和双鬓则冒出

虚汗。我见到她总是这样，我只去一会儿，因为我也不想让别人看见我。我一出现，

玛丽立即打起颤来，睁开眼睛，扑过来吻我的手。我已经不再移开手了，因为对她来

说这是幸福；我坐在那里的时候，她始终战栗着，哭泣着；确实，有几次她已开口说

话，但是很难听懂她在讲什么。她常常像个失去理智的人，异常激动和欣喜。有时孩

子们和我一起去。这种时候他们一般总是站在不远的地方，开始为我们警戒，免得发

生什么事或被谁看到，这对他们来说是非常乐意干的事。当我们离开时，又剩下玛丽

一个人，她又像原来那样一动不动，闭上眼睛，头靠在岩石上；也可能，她梦见了什

么。有一天早晨她已经不能到畜群那儿去了，留在空洞洞的自家屋子里。孩子们马上

就知道了，几乎所有的人这一天里都到她那里去看望她，她一个人孤零零地躺在被窝

里。有两天就这些孩子们轮流跑来照料她，但是后来，村里人听说玛丽已经真的要死

了，村里一些老太婆便到她这儿来守着，值班。村里好像开始可怜起玛丽来，至少已

经不再像过去那样阻拦和责骂孩子们了。玛丽一直处于半睡的状态中，她睡得不安

稳：咳嗽很厉害。老太婆们赶开孩子们，但他们跑到窗口下，有时只是一会儿，就为

了说一句：‘Ｂｏｎｊｏｕｒ，ｎｏｔｒｅ  ｂｏｎｎｅ  Ｍａｒｉｅ＊。”而她仅

仅是远远地看到他们或者听到他们的声音，便全身都振奋起来，并且不听老太婆们的

劝阻，用力撑坐起来，朝他们点头，表示感谢。他们像过去那样给她带来糖果，但她

几乎什么也不吃。我请你们相信，因为有了他们，她几乎是幸福地死去的。因为有了

他们，她才忘记了自己的苦难和不幸，她似乎从他们那里得到了宽恕，因为直至最后

她都认为自己是个罪孽深重的人。他们像小鸟一样在她的窗口扑打着翅膀，每天早晨

对她喊着：‘Ｎｏｕｓｔ’  ａｉｍｏｎｓ，  Ｍａｒｉｅ’＊＊她很快就死了。我

以为，她能活得长得多，在她去世的前夕，夕阳西下前，我顺便到那儿去；好像他认

出了我，我最后一次握了她的手；她的手多干瘪呀！突然第二天早晨有人来说，玛丽